Changes: Tengen

Latest revision as of 06:27, 14 March 2020

Tengen was a video game publisher and developer that was created by arcade game manufacturer Atari Games.

History

Atari had been split into two distinct companies. Atari Corporation was responsible for computer and console games and hardware and owned the rights to the Atari brand for these domains. Atari Games was formed from Atari's arcade division, and were able to use the Atari name on arcade releases but not on console or computer games. When Atari Games wanted to enter the console-game market, it needed to create a new label that did not use the Atari name. The new subsidiary was dubbed Tengen, which in the Chinese game Go refers to the center of the board ("Atari" comes from the same game). Tengen then made an agreement with Namco to bring some of their Famicom games to the Nintendo Entertainment System in North America before Namco opened its own North American branch in 1993. Tengen also released games by Sunsoft (another developer without a North American branch).

Tengen unsuccessfully tried to negotiate with Nintendo for a less restrictive license (Nintendo restricted their licensees to releasing only five games per year, and required their games to be NES-exclusive for two years). Nintendo refused, so in December 1987 Tengen agreed to the standard licensing terms. Tengen incorporated on December 21 that year.^[1] In 1988, Tengen released its first and only three cartridges licensed through Nintendo—R.B.I. Baseball, Gauntlet, and Pac-Man. Meanwhile, Tengen secretly worked to bypass Nintendo's lock-out chip called 10NES that gave it control over which games were published for the NES. While numerous manufacturers managed to override this chip by zapping it with a voltage spike, Tengen engineers feared this could potentially damage NES consoles and expose them to unnecessary liability. The other problem was that Nintendo made frequent modifications to the NES to prevent this technique from working. Instead the company chose to reverse engineer the chip and decipher the code required to unlock it. However, the engineers were unable to do so, and the launch date for its first batch of games was rapidly approaching.

With time running short, Tengen turned to the United States Copyright Office. Its lawyers contacted the government office to request a copy of the Nintendo lock-out program, claiming that the company needed it for potential litigation against Nintendo. Once obtained, it used the program to create its own chip that would unlock the NES.

Tengen announced that they were going to manufacture their own NES game cartridges in December 1988.^[2] When Tengen launched the unlicensed versions of its games, Nintendo immediately sued Tengen for copyright and patent infringement. Tengen would ultimately be barred from releasing their self-manufactured NES games in March 1991.^[3]

Tengen faced another court challenge with Nintendo in 1989 in copyright controversy over Tetris. Tengen lost this suit as well and was forced to recall what was estimated to be hundreds of thousands of unsold cartridges (having sold only about 50,000).^[4] It would later become the most widely pirated version of Tetris, and remains a common fixture on multicarts to this day.

Tengen had also produced games for the Mega Drive/Sega Genesis, Master System, Game Gear, Sega CD, and PC Engine/TurboGrafx-16. Unlike most of their NES games, Tengen's games for these systems were approved by the platform makers. The company also licensed home video games made by other companies that contained Atari Games' properties. Tengen also worked on the 1993 Namco arcade game Tinkle Pit, but it is unknown to what extent. In 1994, a year after Time Warner bought a controlling stake in Atari Games, the Tengen name was discontinued and home games were now released under the Time Warner Interactive (TWI) brand.^[5]

NES Games

Tengen manufactured both licensed and unlicensed versions of three of their NES games. Their cartridges for unlicensed games do not come in the universally recognizable semi-square grey shape licensed Nintendo games come in; instead, they are rounded and matte-black, and resemble the original Atari cartridges.

Licensed and unlicensed

R.B.I. Baseball (released June 1988;^[6] reskinned version of Pro Yakyuu Family Stadium by Namco)
Gauntlet (released July 1988^[7])
Pac-Man (released October 1988;^[8] Based on Namco's 1984 Famicom port.)

Unlicensed only

Tetris: The Soviet Mind Game (released May 1989^[9])
Super Sprint (released July 1989;^[10] licensed version released in Japan by Altron)
Road Runner (released October 1989^[11])
Rolling Thunder (released October 1989;^[11] released as a licensed game by Namco in Japan)
Vindicators (released November 1989^[12])
After Burner (released December 1989;^[13] not related to the version released by Sunsoft in Japan)
Alien Syndrome (released December 1989;^[13] released as a licensed game by Sunsoft in Japan)
Shinobi (released December 1989^[13])
Toobin' (released December 1989^[13])
Fantasy Zone (not related to the version released by Sunsoft in Japan)
Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom (a licensed version was published by Mindscape)
Klax (released as a licensed game by Hudson Soft in Japan)
Ms. Pac-Man (an original port, released in 1990, unrelated to Namco's port)
Pac-Mania (developed by Westwood Associates)
R.B.I. Baseball 2
R.B.I. Baseball 3
Skull & Crossbones

Cancelled

Airball (Unreleased)
Cyberball (Unreleased, unrelated to the version by Jaleco.)
Hard Drivin' (Unreleased)
Licensed To Kill (Unreleased)
Magical Puzzle Popils (Unreleased original game by Fukio Mitsuji; a slightly different version was later released for the Game Gear. Was intended for release on the Famicom rather than the NES)
Police Academy (Unreleased)
TechnoCop (Unreleased)
Xybots (Unreleased)

References

Links

NES Player's overview of Tengen v. Nintendo

This page uses Creative Commons Licensed content from Wikipedia (view authors).

Companies

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[1] Articles of Incorporation of Tengen Inc. - California Secretary of State (12/21/1987)

[2] "Tengen Making Its Own Video Game Cartridges" - United Press International (12/13/1988)

[3] "Nintendo Wins Court Order Halting Rivals" - The Los Angeles Times (3/29/1991)

[4] COMPANY NEWS; Atari Is Blocked From Selling Game (June 22, 1989)

[5] Certificate of Amendment of Articles of Incorporation: Tengen Inc. - California Secretary of State (6/28/1994)

[6] "July 1988 issue" - Computer Entertainer (July 1988)

[7] "August 1988 issue" - Computer Entertainer (August 1988)

[8] "October 1988 issue" - Computer Entertainer (October 1988)

[9] "May 1989 issue" - Computer Entertainer (May 1989)

[10] "August 1989 issue" - Computer Entertainer (August 1989)

[cpunov89-11] 11.0 ^11.1 "November 1989 issue" - Computer Entertainer (November 1989)

[12] "December 1989 issue" - Computer Entertainer (December 1989)

[cpujan90-13] 13.0 ^13.1 ^13.2 ^13.3 "January 1990 issue" - Computer Entertainer (January 1990)

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@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
-{{infobox company
+{{Infobox company
+|name = Tengen
- | image = Image:tengen logo.png
+|image = File:tengen logo.png
- | location = Milpitas, California, USA
+|location = Milpitas, California, USA
- | years = 1987-94
+|years = 1988-1991
- | consoles = <u>Unlicensed:</u> NES<br/><u>Licensed:</u> Mega Drive/Genesis, Sega Master System, Sega Game Gear,<br>Sega CD, Atari Lynx, NEC Turbo Grafx-16
+|consoles = <u>Unlicensed:</u> NES<br><u>Licensed:</u> NES, Mega Drive/Sega Genesis, Master System,<br>Game Gear, Sega CD, PC Engine/TurboGrafx-16
- | firstgame =
+|firstgame = ''R.B.I. Baseball''
- | lastgame =
+|lastgame = ''R.B.I. Baseball 3''
- | sounds =
- | engines =
+|sounds =
- | aliases =
+|engines =
- | published = Namco, Tengen, Sunsoft, more
+|published = Namco, Sunsoft
- | connected = Atari
+|connected = Atari Games
 }}
+'''Tengen''' was a video game publisher and developer that was created by arcade game manufacturer Atari Games.
-'''Tengen''' editor de la era de la ONU de juegos de vídeo Y Desarrollador Que Fue CREADO por Fabricante de juego de arcada de Atari Games. Atari se habia Dividido en dos Compañías Distintas. Atari Corporación era responsable de Ordenador y juegos de consola y el hardware y El dueño m mi Los Derechos de la marca Atari Dominios parrafo Estós. Atari Games Se Formó A partir de la división de Juegos Electrónicos de Atari, y eran CAPACES de Como utilizar el nombre de Atari Sobre las Emisiones de Juegos Electrónicos, Pero No en la consola o los juegos de Ordenador. CUANDO Atari Games queria entrar en el Mercado de las consolas del juego, Es Necesario Crear Una Nueva Etiqueta Que No se utilizó el nombre de Atari. La nueva filial se denominó Tengen, Que en el juego chino ''Go'' se refiere al centro del tablero ( "Atari" proviene del Mismo juego). Tengen LUEGO Hizo ONU Acuerdo con Namco para Traer algunos adj adj de Sus juegos Famicom a la Nintendo Entertainment System en América del Norte Los los antes de Namco abrió su Propia rama de América del Norte en 1993. Los juegos también Tengen Liberados por Sunsoft (Desarrollador Otro pecado Sucursal de América del Norte).
+==History==
-Tengen Intento pecado Éxito Negociar con Nintendo Para Una licencia Menos restrictiva (Nintendo restringió SUS licenciatarios para la Liberación De Solo cinco Partidos por Año, Y SUS Requiere Juegos de NES Que Ser DOS Exclusiva años de de Durante). Nintendo se nego, por Lo Que en diciembre de 1987 Tengen acordo los Términos de Licencia Estándar. En 1988, Tengen Lanzo su imprimación y Solo tres cartuchos de licencia de las Naciones Unidas Través de Nintendo- ''RBI Baseball'' , ''Pac-Man'' , y el ''guantelete'' . Mientras Tanto, Tengen trabajaba en secreto para eludir los chips de Bloqueo de Llamadas de 10NES de Nintendo Que le Dieron el mando de Sobre la Cual se publicaron juegos para la NES. Si bien numerosos Fabricantes lograron anulares esta virutas con El zapping Con Un pico de Voltaje, los Ingenieros de Tengen temían Que ESTO PODRIA potencialmente Danar las Consolas de NES y exponerlos Una innecesaria Una Responsabilidad. El otro Problema FUE Que Hizo Nintendo: Frecuentes: modificaciones a la NES parrafo Evitar Que esta técnica funcione. En Cambio, la Empresa opto por Realizar ingeniería inversa del chip de descifrar y de el Código Necesario para desbloquearlo. Sin embargo, los ingenieros fueron CAPACES de Hacerlo, y La Fecha de Lanzamiento de su imprimación lote de juegos se acercaba rapidamente.
+Atari had been split into two distinct companies. Atari Corporation was responsible for computer and console games and hardware and owned the rights to the Atari brand for these domains. Atari Games was formed from Atari's arcade division, and were able to use the Atari name on arcade releases but not on console or computer games. When Atari Games wanted to enter the console-game market, it needed to create a new label that did not use the Atari name. The new subsidiary was dubbed Tengen, which in the Chinese game ''Go'' refers to the center of the board ("Atari" comes from the same game). Tengen then made an agreement with Namco to bring some of their Famicom games to the Nintendo Entertainment System in North America before Namco opened its own North American branch in 1993. Tengen also released games by Sunsoft (another developer without a North American branch).
+Tengen unsuccessfully tried to negotiate with Nintendo for a less restrictive license (Nintendo restricted their licensees to releasing only five games per year, and required their games to be NES-exclusive for two years). Nintendo refused, so in December 1987 Tengen agreed to the standard licensing terms. Tengen incorporated on December 21 that year.<ref>[https://businesssearch.sos.ca.gov/Document/RetrievePDF?Id=01500302-4010312 Articles of Incorporation of Tengen Inc. - California Secretary of State (12/21/1987)]</ref> In 1988, Tengen released its first and only three cartridges licensed through Nintendo—''R.B.I. Baseball'', ''Gauntlet'', and ''Pac-Man''. Meanwhile, Tengen secretly worked to bypass Nintendo's lock-out chip called 10NES that gave it control over which games were published for the NES. While numerous manufacturers managed to override this chip by zapping it with a voltage spike, Tengen engineers feared this could potentially damage NES consoles and expose them to unnecessary liability. The other problem was that Nintendo made frequent modifications to the NES to prevent this technique from working. Instead the company chose to reverse engineer the chip and decipher the code required to unlock it. However, the engineers were unable to do so, and the launch date for its first batch of games was rapidly approaching.
-Con El Tiempo en Resumen, Tengen Volvió a la Oficina de Derechos de Autor de Estados Unidos. Sus abogados en contacto con la Oficina del Gobierno para Solicitar Una copia del Programa de Bloqueo de Nintendo, afirmando Que la Empresa necesitaba para Posibles Litigios contra Nintendo. Una Vez obtenida, se utilizó El Mismo Programa para crear su propio chip de de Que abriría la NES. CUANDO Tengen Lanzo las versiones de pacana licencia de Sus juegos, Nintendo demandó ONU Tengen INMEDIATAMENTE por Derechos de Autor y Violación de Patentes. En Las Fases Iniciales del juicio, el tribunal Puso de parte de Nintendo, Pero los Lados sE instalo los de los antes Que El asunto f f se resolvió Completamente.
+With time running short, Tengen turned to the United States Copyright Office. Its lawyers contacted the government office to request a copy of the Nintendo lock-out program, claiming that the company needed it for potential litigation against Nintendo. Once obtained, it used the program to create its own chip that would unlock the NES.
-Tengen enfrentó Otro Desafío de corte con Nintendo en 1989 en la controversia Sobre los Derechos de Autor ''Tetris'' . Tengen Perdio Este traje tan bien y se vio Obligado a Recordar Lo que sé es Estima Cientos de miles de cartuchos sin vender (habiendo vendido Sólo Alrededor de 50.000). <ref>[http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=950DE2DD1539F931A15755C0A96F948260 COMPANY NEWS; Atari Is Blocked From Selling Game] (June 22, 1989)</ref>Esto Es Bastante lamentable, ya Que Muchos consideran el puerto de la Tengen¡para Ser mejor versión. Sin embargo, Más tarde se convertira en la versión Más ampliamente pirateada de Tetris, y Sigue Siendo ONU accesorio Común en [[multicarts]] Hasta Nuestros Días.
+Tengen announced that they were going to manufacture their own NES game cartridges in December 1988.<ref>[https://www.upi.com/Archives/1988/12/12/Tengen-making-its-own-video-game-cartridges/5164597906000/ "Tengen Making Its Own Video Game Cartridges" - United Press International (12/13/1988)]</ref> When Tengen launched the unlicensed versions of its games, Nintendo immediately sued Tengen for copyright and patent infringement. Tengen would ultimately be barred from releasing their self-manufactured NES games in March 1991.<ref>[https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1991-03-29-fi-1120-story.html "Nintendo Wins Court Order Halting Rivals" - The Los Angeles Times (3/29/1991)]</ref>
-A Pesar de Sus Problemas con Nintendo, Tengen Paso a Producir juegos para la Mega Drive / Genesis, Sega Master System, Sega Game Gear, Sega CD, Atari Lynx, y NEC Turbo Grafx-16. La Compañía también Publico los juegos para Ordenadores Personales, cuentos Como el Amiga y el Atari ST. Era muy Conocido Por Sus puertos de los juegos de arcade de Atari de populares, incluyendo ''Klax'' , ''Hard Drivin ''' , ''STUN Runner'' , y ''Paperboy'' , AUNQUE SE publicaron Muchos Otros Títulos también. En 1993, despues de Time Warner COMPRO en Una Participación de mando en Atari Games, el nombre Tengen se suspendió y Los Partidos en casa Ahora sí Distribuye Bajo la marca Time Warner Interactive (TWI).
+Tengen faced another court challenge with Nintendo in 1989 in copyright controversy over ''Tetris''. Tengen lost this suit as well and was forced to recall what was estimated to be hundreds of thousands of unsold cartridges (having sold only about 50,000).<ref>[http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=950DE2DD1539F931A15755C0A96F948260 COMPANY NEWS; Atari Is Blocked From Selling Game] (June 22, 1989)</ref> It would later become the most widely pirated version of Tetris, and remains a common fixture on [[multicarts]] to this day.
-==Juegos de NES==
-Tengen FABRICADO Ambas Versiones con y sin licencia de tres de Sus juegos de NES. Sus cartuchos para juegos sin licencia pecado Vienen en forma gris semi-cuadrado universalmente reconocible licencia de juegos de Nintendo Vienen en; en Cambio, y El color de Redondeados de hijo negro mate, y se asemejan a los cartuchos originales de Atari.
+Tengen had also produced games for the Mega Drive/Sega Genesis, Master System, Game Gear, Sega CD, and PC Engine/TurboGrafx-16. Unlike most of their NES games, Tengen's games for these systems were approved by the platform makers. The company also licensed home video games made by other companies that contained Atari Games' properties. Tengen also worked on the 1993 Namco arcade game ''Tinkle Pit'', but it is unknown to what extent. In 1994, a year after Time Warner bought a controlling stake in Atari Games, the Tengen name was discontinued and home games were now released under the Time Warner Interactive (TWI) brand.<ref>[https://businesssearch.sos.ca.gov/Document/RetrievePDF?Id=01500302-6142612 Certificate of Amendment of Articles of Incorporation: Tengen Inc. - California Secretary of State (6/28/1994)]</ref>
-* ''720 °'' (tenian Una versión con licencia de Mindscape)
-* ''Despues del quemador'' (Lanzado Como un juego con licencia de Sunsoft en Japón)
-* ''Alien Syndrome'' (Lanzado Como un juego con licencia de Sunsoft en Japón)
-* ''Fantasy Zone'' (pecado relacionado con la versión liberada por Sunsoft en Japón)
-* ''Guante'' (ERA UN LA VEZ Y sin licencia)
-* ''Celosía II'' (Tenia Una versión con licencia por Mindscape)
-* ''Indiana Jones y el templo maldito'' (tenian Una versión con licencia por Mindscape y Una versión sin licencia)
-* ''klax''
-* ''Mármol Madness '' (Tenia Una versión con licencia por Milton Bradley)
-* ''Ms. Pac-Man'' (en Puerto Pecado Original Relación a la versión 1985 de Namco Famicom, Que Fue Lanzado en América del Norte en 1993)
-* ''Pac-Man'' (Ambas Versiones con y sin licencia en América del Norte. Se habia Sido previamente Lanzados en Japón en 1985. Namco posteriormente Puesto en libertad en América del Norte sí en 1993. Todas las Versiones de América del Norte se Basan en el puerto 1984 Famicom de Namco.)
-* ''Pac-Mania'' (Desarrollado por Namco, Pero inédito en Japón)
-* PaperBoy (Tenia Una versión con licencia por Mindscape)
-* ''RBI Baseball'' (Lanzado Como ''Estadio Familia Pro Yakyu'' en Japón por Namco; FUE Lanzado En Dos Versiones con y sin licencia, en América del Norte)
-* ''RBI Baseball 2'' (Las Secuelas juegos originales hijo sin aire Relacionados el "Estadio de la familia")
-* ''RBI Baseball 3''
-* ''Correcaminos''
-* ''Rolling Thunder'' (Lanzado Como un juego con licencia por Namco en Japón)
-* ''shinobi''
-* ''Cráneo y bandera''
-* ''Sky Kid'' (Tenia Una versión con licencia por Sunsoft)
-* ''Súper Sprint''
-* [[Tetris: The Soviet Mind Game|''Tetяis: El juego de la mente Sovietica'']]
-* ''Toobin '''
-* ''Vindicators''
-* ''Airball'' (Unreleased)
-* ''Cyberball'' (Unreleased, Pero FUE Puesto en libertad por Jaleco.)
-* ''Hard Drivin ''' (Unreleased)
-* ''Con licencia para matar'' (Unreleased)
-* ''Academia de Policía '' (Unreleased)
-* Xybots (Unreleased)
-==Referencias==
+==NES Games==
+Tengen manufactured both licensed and unlicensed versions of three of their NES games. Their cartridges for unlicensed games do not come in the universally recognizable semi-square grey shape licensed Nintendo games come in; instead, they are rounded and matte-black, and resemble the original Atari cartridges.
-{{reflist}}https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tengen_(company)
+;Licensed and unlicensed
+#''R.B.I. Baseball'' (released June 1988;<ref>[https://retrocdn.net/index.php?title=File:ComputerEntertainer_US_Vol.7_04.pdf&page=13 "July 1988 issue" - Computer Entertainer (July 1988)]</ref> reskinned version of ''Pro Yakyuu Family Stadium'' by Namco)
+#''Gauntlet'' (released July 1988<ref>[https://retrocdn.net/index.php?title=File%3AComputerEntertainer_US_Vol.7_05.pdf&page=12 "August 1988 issue" - Computer Entertainer (August 1988)]</ref>)
+#''Pac-Man'' (released October 1988;<ref>[https://retrocdn.net/index.php?title=File%3AComputerEntertainer_US_Vol.7_07.pdf&page=8 "October 1988 issue" - Computer Entertainer (October 1988)]</ref> Based on Namco's 1984 Famicom port.)
+;Unlicensed only
+#''[[Tetris: The Soviet Mind Game]]'' (released May 1989<ref>[https://retrocdn.net/index.php?title=File%3AComputerEntertainer_US_Vol.8_03.pdf&page=14 "May 1989 issue" - Computer Entertainer (May 1989)]</ref>)
+#''Super Sprint'' (released July 1989;<ref>[https://retrocdn.net/index.php?title=File%3AComputerEntertainer_US_Vol.8_05.pdf&page=14 "August 1989 issue" - Computer Entertainer (August 1989)]</ref> licensed version released in Japan by Altron)
+#''Road Runner'' (released October 1989<ref name="cpunov89">[https://retrocdn.net/index.php?title=File%3AComputerEntertainer_US_Vol.8_08.pdf&page=14 "November 1989 issue" - Computer Entertainer (November 1989)]</ref>)
+#''Rolling Thunder'' (released October 1989;<ref name="cpunov89"/> released as a licensed game by Namco in Japan)
+#''Vindicators'' (released November 1989<ref>[https://retrocdn.net/index.php?title=File%3AComputerEntertainer_US_Vol.8_09.pdf&page=14 "December 1989 issue" - Computer Entertainer (December 1989)]</ref>)
+#''After Burner'' (released December 1989;<ref name="cpujan90">[https://retrocdn.net/index.php?title=File%3AComputerEntertainer_US_Vol.8_10.pdf&page=22 "January 1990 issue" - Computer Entertainer (January 1990)]</ref> not related to the version released by Sunsoft in Japan)
+#''Alien Syndrome'' (released December 1989;<ref name="cpujan90"/> released as a licensed game by Sunsoft in Japan)
+#''Shinobi'' (released December 1989<ref name="cpujan90"/>)
+#''Toobin<nowiki>'</nowiki>'' (released December 1989<ref name="cpujan90"/>)
+#''Fantasy Zone'' (not related to the version released by Sunsoft in Japan)
+#''[[Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom]]'' (a licensed version was published by Mindscape)
+#''Klax'' (released as a licensed game by Hudson Soft in Japan)
+#''Ms. Pac-Man'' (an original port, released in 1990, unrelated to Namco's port)
+#''[[Pac-Mania]]'' (developed by Westwood Associates)
+#''R.B.I. Baseball 2''
+#''R.B.I. Baseball 3''
+#''Skull & Crossbones''
+;Cancelled
+#''Airball'' (Unreleased)
+#''Cyberball'' (Unreleased, unrelated to the version by Jaleco.)
+#''Hard Drivin<nowiki>'</nowiki>'' (Unreleased)
+#''Licensed To Kill'' (Unreleased)
+#''Magical Puzzle Popils'' (Unreleased original game by [[wikipedia:Fukio Mitsuji|Fukio Mitsuji]]; a slightly different version was later released for the Game Gear. Was intended for release on the Famicom rather than the NES)
+#''Police Academy'' (Unreleased)
+#''TechnoCop'' (Unreleased)
+#''[[Xybots]]'' (Unreleased)
-==Campo de golf==
+== References ==
+{{reflist}}
-* [http://cyber.law.harvard.edu/openlaw/DVD/cases/atarivnintendo.html Atari Games Corp. v. Nintendo of America, Inc. (de El Sitio Openlaw de Harvard)]
-* [http://www.nesplayer.com/features/lawsuits/tengen.htm Resumen. De NES jugador de Tengen v Nintendo]
+== Links ==
-* [http://www.mobygames.com/company/tengen Tengen Perfil en MobyGames]
-* [http://www.1up.com/do/sortIndex?pb=1001775 Tengen Juegos en 1up.com]
+* [http://www.nesplayer.com/features/lawsuits/tengen.htm NES Player's overview of Tengen v. Nintendo]
-{{Wikipedia|Tengen_(company)}}
+{{Wikipedia|Tengen (company)}}
-[[Category:Developers]]
+{{Companies}}
-[[Category:Publishers]]
 [[Category:Companies from the USA]]
+[[Category:Publishers]]
+[[Category:Developers]]